Amidoacetonitrile Derivatives

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compounds of the general formula (I) wherein X, Y and W have the significances given in claim  1  and optionally the enantiomers thereof. The active ingredients have advantageous pesticidal properties. They are especially suitable for controlling parasites in and on warm-blooded animals.

The present invention relates to new amidoacetonitrile compounds offormula

whereinX signifies Cl, Br or CF₃;Y signifies a single bond, O, S, S(O) or S(O)₂; andW signifies O or S;optionally diastereoisomers, enantiomers and/or tautomers, eachrespectively in free form or in salt form, their preparation and usagein the control of endo- and ectoparasites, especially helminths, in andon warm-blooded animals, especially productive livestock and domesticanimals, as well as on plants, furthermore pesticides which contain atleast one of these compounds.

Substituted amidoacetonitrile compounds having pesticidal activity aredescribed for example in EP-0,953,565 A2. However, the activeingredients specifically disclosed therein cannot always fulfil therequirements regarding potency and activity spectrum. There is thereforea need for active ingredients with improved pesticidal properties. Ithas now been found that the amidoacetonitrile compounds of formula Ihave excellent pesticidal properties, especially against endo- andecto-parasites in and on warm-blooded animals and plants.

Further studies of the pesticidal properties of these compounds haveshown that they can be separated into three subsets, each of them with avarying activity spectrum: a group where Y is a single bond, a secondone where Y is O, and finally a group where Y is S, S(O) or S(O)₂.Within each of these subsets the following embodiments within the scopeof the invention are preferred:

(1) A compound of formula I, whereinW signifies S.(2) A compound of formula

whereinY is a single bond; andX signifies Cl or CF₃, especially CF₃;(3) A compound of formula Ia, wherein

Y is O; and

X signifies Cl or CF₃, especially CF₃;(4) A compound of formula Ia, wherein

Y is S or S(O)₂;

especially S; andX signifies Cl or CF₃, especially CF₃;(5) A compound of formula Ia, selected from the group consisting of

-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylbenzamide;    and-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-benzamide;    (6) A compound of formula Ia, selected from the group consisting of-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide;    and-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzamide;    (7) A compound of formula Ia, selected from the group consisting of-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfanylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfanylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfanyl-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfanylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfanylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfanyl-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfinyl-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfinylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfinyl-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(4-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-benzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-chlorophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylbenzamide;-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-bromophenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfonylbenzamide;    and-   N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethylsulfonyl-benzamide.

Within the context of the invention, particular preference is given tothe compounds named in the synthesis examples.

A further object of the invention is the process for the preparation ofthe compounds of formula I, where W is O, respectively in free form orin salt form, for example characterised in that a compound of formula

which is known or may be produced analogously to corresponding knowncompounds, and wherein Y is defined as given for formula I, is reactedwith a compound of formula

which is known or may be prepared analogously to corresponding knowncompounds, and wherein X is defined as given for formula I and Q is aleaving group, optionally in the presence of a basic catalyst, and ifdesired, a compound of formula I, where W is O, obtainable according tothe presented method or in another way, respectively in free form or insalt form, is either converted to a compound of formula I, where W is S,e.g. by reaction with P₄S₁₀, or into another compound of formula I, amixture of isomers obtainable according to the presented method isseparated and the desired isomer isolated and/or a free compound offormula I obtainable according to the presented method is converted intoa salt or a salt of a compound of formula I obtainable according to thepresented method is converted into the free compound of formula I orinto another salt.

What has been stated above for salts of compounds I also appliesanalogously to salts of the starting materials listed hereinabove andhereinbelow.

The reaction partners can be reacted with one another as they are, i.e.without the addition of a solvent or diluent, e.g. in the melt. In mostcases, however, the addition of an inert solvent or diluent, or amixture thereof, is of advantage. Examples of such solvents or diluentsare: aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons and halogenatedhydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetraline,chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, petroleum ether, hexane,cyclohexane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,dichloroethane, trichloroethene or tetrachloroethene; ethers, such asdiethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether,tert-butyl methyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethylether,dimethoxydiethylether, tetrahydrofurane or dioxane; ketones such asacetone, methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone; amides such asN,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-diethyl-formamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide,N-methylpyrrolidone or hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide; nitriles suchas acetonitrile or propionitrile; and sulfoxides, such as dimethylsulfoxide. Preferred is tetrahydrofurane.

Preferred leaving groups Q are halogens, tosylates, mesylates andtriflates, most preferably halogens, especially fluorine.

Suitable bases for facilitating the reaction are e.g. alkali metal oralkaline earth metal hydroxides, hydrides, amides, alkanolates,acetates, carbonates, dialkylamides or alkylsilyl-amides; alkylamines,alkylenediamines, optionally N-alkylated, optionally unsaturated,cyclo-alkylamines, basic heterocycles, ammonium hydroxides, as well ascarbocyclic amines. Those which may be mentioned by way of example aresodium hydroxide, hydride, amide, methanolate, acetate, carbonate,potassium tert.-butanolate, hydroxide, carbonate, hydride, lithiumdiisopropylamide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)-amide, calcium hydride,triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, triethylenediamine,cyclohexylamine, N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethyl-amine, N,N-diethylaniline,pyridine, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, quinuclidine,N-methyl-morpholine, benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, as well as1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene (DBU). Preference is given to metalhydrides, in particular sodium hydride.

The reaction advantageously takes place in a temperature range of ca.−10° C. to ca. 100° C., preferably from ca. 0° C. to ca. 30° C.

A further object of the invention is the process for the preparation ofthe compounds of formula II, respectively in free form or in salt form,for example characterised in that a compound of formula

which is known or may be prepared analogously to corresponding knowncompounds, and wherein Y is defined as given for formula I and Q is aleaving group, is reacted with a compound of formula

which is known and may be prepared from hydroxyacetone, a cyanide andammonia, and if desired, a compound of formula II obtainable accordingto the presented method or in another way, respectively in free form orin salt form, is converted into another compound of formula II, amixture of isomers obtainable according to the presented method isseparated and the desired isomer isolated and/or a free compound offormula II obtainable according to the presented method is convertedinto a salt or a salt of a compound of formula II obtainable accordingto the presented method is converted into the free compound of formulaII or into another salt.

Suitable cyanides are sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide, trimethylsilylcyanide and acetone cyanohydrin.

The general method for reacting carbonyl compounds, e.g. hydroxyacetone,with cyanides and amines, e.g. of ammonia, is a Strecker reaction, forexample as in Organic Synthesis Coll. Vol. 3, 88 (1973).

Salts of compounds I may be produced in known manner. Acid additionsalts of compounds I, for example, are obtainable by treatment with asuitable acid or a suitable ion exchange reagent, and salts with basesare obtainable by treatment with a suitable base or a suitable ionexchange reagent.

Salts of compounds I can be converted into the free compounds I by theusual means, acid addition salts e.g. by treating with a suitable basiccomposition or with a suitable ion exchange reagent, and salts withbases e.g. by treating with a suitable acid or a suitable ion exchangereagent.

Salts of compounds I can be converted into other salts of compounds I ina known manner; acid addition salts can be converted for example intoother acid addition salts, e.g. by treating a salt of an inorganic acid,such as a hydrochloride, with a suitable metal salt, such as a sodium,barium, or silver salt, of an acid, e.g. with silver acetate, in asuitable solvent, in which a resulting inorganic salt, e.g. silverchloride, is insoluble and thus precipitates out from the reactionmixture.

Depending on the method and/or reaction conditions, compounds I withsalt-forming characteristics can be obtained in free form or in the formof salts.

Compounds I can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates and/oralso can include other solvents, used for example where necessary forthe crystallisation of compounds present in solid form.

The compounds I may be optionally present as optical isomers or as amixture thereof. The invention relates both to the pure isomers and toall possible isomeric mixtures, and is hereinbefore and hereinafterunderstood as doing so, even if stereochemical details are notspecifically mentioned in every case.

Diastereoisomeric mixtures of compounds I, which are obtainable by theprocess or in another way, may be separated in known manner, on thebasis of the physical-chemical differences in their components, into thepure diastereoisomers, for example by fractional crystallisation,distillation and/or chromatography.

Splitting of mixtures of enantiomers, that are obtainable accordingly,into the pure isomers, may be achieved by known methods, for example byrecrystallisation from an optically active solvent, by chromatography onchiral adsorbents, e.g. high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) onacetyl cellulose, with the assistance of appropriate micro-organisms, bycleavage with specific immobilised enzymes, through the formation ofinclusion compounds, e.g. using chiral crown ethers, whereby only oneenantiomer is complexed.

According to the invention, apart from separation of correspondingisomer mixtures, generally known methods of diastereoselective orenantioselective synthesis can also be applied to obtain purediastereoisomers or enantiomers, e.g. by carrying out the method of theinvention using educts with correspondingly suitable stereochemistry.

It is advantageous to isolate or synthesise the biologically more activeisomer, e.g. enantiomer, provided that the individual components havediffering biological efficacy.

In the method of the present invention, the starting materials andintermediates used are preferably those that lead to the compounds Idescribed at the beginning as being especially useful.

The invention relates in particular to the preparation method describedin the examples.

Starting materials and intermediates, which are new and are usedaccording to the invention for the preparation of compounds I, as wellas their usage and process for the preparation thereof, similarly forman object of the invention.

The compounds I according to the invention are notable for their broadactivity spectrum and are valuable active ingredients for use in pestcontrol, including in particular the control of endo- andecto-parasites, especially helminths, in and on warm-blooded animals,especially livestock and domestic animals, and also on plants, whilstbeing well-tolerated by warm-blooded animals, fish and plants.

In the context of the present invention, ectoparasites are understood tobe in particular insects, mites and ticks. These include insects of theorder: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Diptera,Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Mallophaga, Thysanura,Isoptera, Psocoptera and Hymenoptera. However, the ectoparasites whichmay be mentioned in particular are those which trouble humans or animalsand carry pathogens, for example flies such as Musca domestica, Muscavetustissima, Musca autumnalis, Fannia canicularis, Sarcophaga camaria,Lucilia cuprina, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Chrysomyiachloropyga, Dermatobia hominis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Gasterophilusintestinalis, Oestrus ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans andmidges (Nematocera), such as Culicidae, Simuliidae, Psychodidae, butalso blood-sucking parasites, for example fleas, such as Ctenocephalidesfelis and Ctenocephalides canis (cat and dog fleas), Xenopsylla cheopis,Pulex irritans, Dermatophilus penetrans, lice, such as Damalina ovis,Pediculus humanis, biting flies and horse-flies (Tabanidae), Haematopotaspp. such as Haematopota pluvialis, Tabanidea spp. such as Tabanusnigrovittatus, Chrysopsinae spp. such as Chrysops caecutiens, tsetseflies, such as species of Glossinia, biting insects, particularlycockroaches, such as Blatella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Periplanetaamericana, mites, such as Dermanyssus gallinae, Sarcoptes scabiei,Psoroptes ovis and Psorergates spp. and last but not least ticks. Thelatter belong to the order Acarina. Known representatives of ticks are,for example, Boophilus, Amblyomma, Anocentor, Dermacentor,Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes, Rhipicentor, Margaropus, Rhipicephalus,Argas, Otobius and Ornithodoros and the like, which preferably infestwarm-blooded animals including farm animals, such as cattle, pigs, sheepand goats, poultry such as chickens, turkeys and geese, fur-bearinganimals such as mink, foxes, chinchillas, rabbits and the like, as wellas domestic animals such as cats and dogs, but also humans.

The compounds I according to the invention are also active against allor individual development stages of animal pests showing normalsensitivity, as well as those showing resistance, such as insects andmembers of the order Acarina. The insecticidal, ovicidal and/oracaricidal effect of the active substances of the invention can manifestitself directly, i.e. killing the pests either immediately or after sometime has elapsed, for example when moulting occurs, or by destroyingtheir eggs, or indirectly, e.g. reducing the number of eggs laid and/orthe hatching rate, good efficacy corresponding to a pesticidal rate(mortality) of at least 50 to 60%.

Compounds I can also be used against hygiene pests, especially of theorder Diptera of the families Sarcophagidae, Anophilidae and Cullcidae;the orders Orthoptera, Dictyoptera (e.g. the family Blattidae) andHymenoptera(e.g. the family Formicidae).

Compounds I also have sustainable efficacy on parasitic mites andinsects of plants. In the case of spider mites of the order Acarina,they are effective against eggs, nymphs and adults of Tetranychidae(Tetranychus spp. and Panonychus spp.).

They have high activity against sucking insects of the order Homoptera,especially against pests of the families Aphididae, Delphacidae,Cicadellidae, Psyllidae, Loccidae, Diaspididae and Eriophydidae (e.g.rust mite on citrus fruits); the orders Hemiptera, Heteroptera andThysanoptera, and on the plant-eating insects of the orders Lepidoptera,Coleoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera

They are similarly suitable as a soil insecticide against pests in thesoil.

The compounds of formula I are therefore effective against all stages ofdevelopment of sucking insects and eating insects on crops such ascereals, cotton, rice, maize, soya, potatoes, vegetables, fruit,tobacco, hops, citrus, avocados and other crops.

The compounds of formula I are also effective against plant nematodes ofthe species Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Pratylenchus, Ditylenchus,Radopholus, Rizoglyphus etc.

In particular, the compounds are effective against helminths, in whichthe endoparasitic nematodes and trematodes may be the cause of seriousdiseases of mammals and poultry, e.g. sheep, pigs, goats, cattle,horses, donkeys, dogs, cats, guinea-pigs and exotic birds. Typicalnematodes of this indication are: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus,Teladorsagia, Divofilaria, Ostertagia, Nematodirus, Cooperia, Ascaris,Bunostonum, Oesophagostonum, Charbertia, Trichuris, Strongylus,Trichonema, Dictyocaulus, Capillaria, Heterakis, Toxocara, Ascaridia,Oxyuris, Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Toxascaris and Parascaris. Thetrematodes include, in particular, the family of Fasciolideae,especially Fasciola hepatica.

It could also be shown surprisingly and unexpectedly that the compoundsof formula I have exceptionally high efficacy against nematodes that areresistant to many active substances. This can be demonstrated in vitroby the LDA test and in vivo for example in Mongolian gerbils and sheep.It was shown that amounts of active substance which kill sensitivestrains of Haemonchus contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis, arealso sufficiently effective at controlling corresponding strains thatare resistant to benzimidazoles, levamisol and macrocyclic lactones (forexample ivermectin).

Certain pests of the species Nematodirus, Cooperia and Oesophagostonuminfest the intestinal tract of the host animal, while others of thespecies Haemonchus and Ostertagia are parasitic in the stomach and thoseof the species Dictyocaulus are parasitic in the lung tissue. Parasitesof the families Filarlidae and Setariidae may be found in the internalcell tissue and in the organs, e.g. the heart, the blood vessels, thelymph vessels and the subcutaneous tissue. A particularly notableparasite is the heartworm of the dog, Dirofilaria immitis. The compoundsof formula I are highly effective against these parasites.

The pests which may be controlled by the compounds of formula I alsoinclude those from the class of Cestoda (tapeworms), e.g. the familiesMesocestoidae, especially of the genus Mesocestoides, in particular M.lineatus; Dilepidide, especially Dipylidium caninum, Joyeuxiella spp.,in particular Joyeuxiella pasquali, and Diplopylidium spp., andTaeniidae, especially Taenia pisiformis, Taenia cervi, Taenia ovis,Taneia hydatigena, Taenia multiceps, Taenia taeniaeformis, Taeniaserialis, and Echinocuccus spp., most preferably Taneia hydatigena,Taenia ovis, Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis; Echinocuccus granulosusand Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, as well asMulticeps multiceps.

The compounds of formula I are also suitable for the control ofCoccidiose, which can appear especially on piglets and chickens. Apartfrom Coli bacteria and Clostridiae, Coccidiae are one of the mostimportant causes of diarrhoea of unweaned piglets. The most importanttype in the case of piglets is Isospora suis. The piglets becomeinfected with the oocysts (spores) of Isospora suis through the mouth.The oocysts migrate into the small intestine, where they penetrate intothe small intestinal mucosa. There, they pass through various stages ofdevelopment. Between the fifth and ninth and the 11th to 14th day afterinfection, the Coccidiae emerge from the intestinal mucosa and are thendetectable again in the faeces. This outbreak causes great damage to theintestinal mucosa. The piglets react by exhibiting partlyyellowish—pasty to watery diarrhoea. It has a rancid small.Occasionally, individual piglets vomit. It is customary for thediarrhoea to occur between the eighth and fifteenth day of age.

Most particularly, Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. ovis, T.taeniaeformis, Multiceps multiceps, Joyeuxiella pasquali, Dipylidiumcaninum, Mesocestoides spp., Echinococcus granulosus and E.multilocularis are controlled on or in dogs and cats simultaneously withDirofilaria immitis, Ancylostoma ssp., Toxocara ssp. and/or Trichurisvulpis. Equally preferred, Ctenocephalides felis and/or C. canis aresimultaneously controlled with the above-mentioned nematodes andcestodes.

Furthermore, the compounds of formula I are suitable for the control ofhuman pathogenic parasites. Of these, typical representatives thatappear in the digestive tract are those of the species Ancylostoma,Necator, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Trichinella, Capillaria, Trichuris andEnterobius. The compounds of the present invention are also effectiveagainst parasites of the species Wuchereria, Brugia, Onchocerca and Loafrom the family of Filarlidae, which appear in the blood, in the tissueand in various organs, and also against Dracunculus and parasites of thespecies Strongyloides and Trichinella, which infect the gastrointestinaltract in particular.

In addition, the compounds of formula I are also effective againstharmful and pathogenic fungi on plants, as well as on humans andanimals.

The good pesticidal activity of the compounds of formula I according tothe invention corresponds to a mortality rate of at least 50-60% of thepests mentioned. In particular, the compounds of formula I are notablefor the exceptionally long duration of efficacy.

The compounds of formula I are preferably employed in unmodified form orpreferably together with the adjuvants conventionally used in the art offormulation and may therefore be processed in a known manner to give,for example, emulsifiable concentrates, directly dilutable solutions,dilute emulsions, soluble powders, granules or microencapsulations inpolymeric substances. As with the compositions, the methods ofapplication are selected in accordance with the intended objectives andthe prevailing circumstances.

The formulation, i.e. the agents, preparations or compositionscontaining the active ingredient of formula I, or combinations of theseactive ingredients with other active ingredients, and optionally a solidor liquid adjuvant, are produced in a manner known per se, for exampleby intimately mixing and/or grinding the active ingredients withspreading compositions, for example with solvents, solid carriers, andoptionally surface-active compounds (surfactants).

The solvents in question may be: alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol orbutanol, and glycols and their ethers and esters, such as propyleneglycol, dipropylene glycol ether, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycolmonomethyl or -ethyl ether, ketones, such as cyclohexanone, isophoroneor diacetanol alcohol, strong polar solvents, such asN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide, orwater, vegetable oils, such as rape, castor, coconut, or soybean oil,and also, if appropriate, silicone oils.

Preferred application forms for usage on warm-blooded animals in thecontrol of helminths include solutions, emulsions, suspensions(drenches), food additives, powders, tablets including effervescenttablets, boli, capsules, micro-capsules and pour-on formulations,whereby the physiological compatibility of the formulation excipientsmust be taken into consideration.

The binders for tablets and boli may be chemically modified polymericnatural substances that are soluble in water or in alcohol, such asstarch, cellulose or protein derivatives (e.g. methyl cellulose,carboxymethyl cellulose, ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, proteins such aszein, gelatin and the like), as well as synthetic polymers, such aspolyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone etc. The tablets also containfillers (e.g. starch, microcrystalline cellulose, sugar, lactose etc.),glidants and disintegrants.

If the anthelminthics are present in the form of feed concentrates, thenthe carriers used are e.g. performance feeds, feed grain or proteinconcentrates. Such feed concentrates or compositions may contain, apartfrom the active ingredients, also additives, vitamins, antibiotics,chemotherapeutics or other pesticides, primarily bacteriostats,fungistats, coccidiostats, or even hormone preparations, substanceshaving anabolic action or substances which promote growth, which affectthe quality of meat of animals for slaughter or which are beneficial tothe organism in another way. If the compositions or the activeingredients of formula I contained therein are added directly to feed orto the drinking troughs, then the formulated feed or drink contains theactive ingredients preferably in a concentration of ca. 0.0005 to 0.02%by weight (5-200 ppm).

The compounds of formula I according to the invention may be used aloneor in combination with other biocides. They may be combined withpesticides having the same sphere of activity e.g. to increase activity,or with substances having another sphere of activity e.g. to broaden therange of activity. It can also be sensible to add so-called repellents.If the range of activity is to be extended to endoparasites, e.g.wormers, the compounds of formula I are suitably combined withsubstances having endoparasitic properties. Of course, they can also beused in combination with antibacterial compositions. Since the compoundsof formula I are adulticides, i.e. since they are effective inparticular against the adult stages of the target parasites, theaddition of pesticides which instead attack the juvenile stages of theparasites may be very advantageous. In this way, the greatest part ofthose parasites that produce great economic damage will be covered.Moreover, this action will contribute substantially to avoiding theformation of resistance. Many combinations may also lead to synergisticeffects, i.e. the total amount of active ingredient can be reduced,which is desirable from an ecological point of view. Preferred groups ofcombination partners and especially preferred combination partners arenamed in the following, whereby combinations may contain one or more ofthese partners in addition to a compound of formula I.

Suitable partners in the mixture may be biocides, e.g. the insecticidesand acaricides with a varying mechanism of activity, which are named inthe following and have been known to the person skilled in the art for along time, e.g. chitin synthesis inhibitors, growth regulators; activeingredients which act as juvenile hormones; active ingredients which actas adulticides; broad-band insecticides, broad-band acaricides andnematicides; and also the well known anthelminthics and insect- and/oracarid-deterring substances, said repellents or detachers.

Non-limitative examples of suitable insecticides and acaricides are:

1. Abamectin 2. AC 303 630 3. Acephat 4. Acrinathrin 5. Alanycarb 6.Aldicarb 7. α-Cypermethrin 8. Alphamethrin 9. Amitraz 10. Avermectin B₁11. AZ 60541 12. Azinphos A 13. Azinphos M 14. Azocyclotin 15. Bacillussubtil. toxin 16. Bendiocarb 17. Benfuracarb 18. Bensultap 19.β-Cyfluthrin 20. Bifenthrin 21. BPMC 22. Brofenprox 23. Bromophos A 24.Bufencarb 25. Buprofezin 26. Butocarboxim 27. Butylpyridaben 28.Cadusafos 29. Carbaryl 30. Carbofuran 31. Carbophenothion 32. Cartap 33.Cloethocarb 34. Chlorethoxyfos 35. Chlorfenapyr 36. Chlorfluazuron 37.Chlormephos 38. Chlorpyrifos 39. Cis-Resmethrin 40. Clocythrin 41.Clofentezin 42. Cyanophos 43. Cycloprothrin 44. Cyfluthrin 45. Cyhexatin46. D 2341 47. Deltamethrin 48. Demeton M 49. Demėton S 50.Demeton-S-methyl 51. Dichlofenthion 52. Dicliphos 53. Diethion 54.Diflubenzuron 55. Dimethoat 56. Dimethylvinphos 57. Dioxathion 58.DPX-MP062 59. Edifenphos 60. Ema{dot over (m)}ectin 61. Endosulfan 62.Esfenvalerat 63. Ethiofencarb 64. Ethion 65. Ethofenprox 66. Ethoprophos67. Etrimfos 68. Fenamiphos 69. Fenazaquin 70. Fenbutatinoxid 71.Fenitrothion 72. Fenobucarb 73. Fenothiocarb 74. Fenoxycarb 75.Fenpropathrin 76. Fenpyrad 77. Fenpyroximate 78. Fenthion 79.Fenvalerate 80. Fipronil 81. Fluazinam 82. Fluazuron 83. Flucycloxuron84. Flucythrinat 85. Flufenoxuron 86. Flufenprox 87. Fonofos 88.Formothion 89. Fosthiazat 90. Fubfenprox 91. HCH 92. Heptenophos 93.Hexaflumuron 94. Hexythiazox 95. Hydroprene 96. Imidacloprid 97.insect-active fungi 98. insect-active nematodes 99. insect-activeviruses 100. Iprobenfos 101. Isofenphos 102. Isoprocarb 103. Isoxathion104. Ivermectin 105. λ-Cyhalothrin 106. Lufenuron 107. Malathion 108.Mecarbam 109. Mesulfenfos 110. Metaldehyd 111. Methamidophos 112.Methiocarb 113. Methomyl 114. Methoprene 115. Metolcarb 116. Mevinphos117. Milbemectin 118. Moxidectin 119. Naled 120. NC 184 121. NI-25,Acetamiprid 122. Nitenpyram 123. Omethoat 124. Oxamyl 125. Oxydemeton M126. Oxydeprofos 127. Parathion 128. Parathion-methyl 129. Permethrin130. Phenthoat 131. Phorat 132. Phosalone 133. Phosmet 134. Phoxim 135.Piri{dot over (m)}icarb 136. Pirimiphos A 137. Pirimiphos M 138.Promecarb 139. Propaphos 140. Propoxur 141. Prothiofos 142. Prothoat143. Pyrachlofos 144. Pyradaphenthion 145. Pyresmethrin 146. Pyrethrum147. Pyridaben 148. Pyrimidifen 149. Pyriproxyfen 150. RH 5992 151.RH-2485 152. Salithion 153. Sebufos 154. Silafluofen 155. Spinosad 156.Sulfotep 157. Sulprofos 158. Tebufenozide 159. Tebufenpyrad 160.Tebupirimfos 161. Teflubenzuron 162. Tefluthrin 163. Temephos 164.Terbam 165. Terbufos 166. Tetrachlorvinphos 167. Thiafenox 168.Thiodicarb 169. Thiofanox 170. Thionazin 171. Thuringiensin 172.Tralomethrin 173. Triarathene 174. Triazamate 175. Triazophos 176.Triazuron 177. Trichlorfon 178. Triflumuron 179. Trimethacarb 180.Vamidothion 181. XMC (3,5,-Xylyl- methylcarbamat) 182. Xylylcarb 183. YI5301/5302 184. ζ-Cypermethrin 185. Zetamethrin

Non-limitative examples of suitable anthelminthics are named in thefollowing, a few representatives have insecticidal and acaricidalactivity in addition to the anthelminthic activity, and are partlyalready in the above list.

-   (A1)    Praziquantel=2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-α]isoquinoline-   (A2)    Closantel=3,5-diiodo-N-[5-chloro-2-methyl-4-(a-cyano-4-chlorobenzyl)phenyl]-salicylamide-   (A3)    Triclabendazole=5-chloro-6-(2,3-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methylthio-1H-benzimidazole-   (A4)    Levamisol=L-(−)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1b]thiazole-   (A5) Mebendazole=(5-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbaminic acid    methylester-   (A6) Omphalotin=a macrocyclic fermentation product of the fungus    Omphalotus olearius described in WO 97/20857-   (A7) Abamectin=avermectin B1-   (A8) Ivermectin=22,23-dihydroavermectin B1-   (A9)    Moxidectin=5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-25-(1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl)-6,28-epoxy-23-(methoxyimino)-milbemycin    B-   (A10)    Doramectin=25-cyclohexyl-5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-avermectin    A1a-   (A11) Milbemectin=mixture of milbemycin A3 and milbemycin A4-   (A12) Milbemycinoxim=5-oxime of milbemectin

Non-limitative examples of suitable repellents and detachers are:

(R1) DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)

(R2) KBR 3023 N-butyl-2-oxycarbonyl-(2-hydroxy)-piperidine(R3)Cymiazole=N,-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene-2,4-xylidene

The said partners in the mixture are best known to specialists in thisfield. Most are described in various editions of the Pesticide Manual,The British Crop Protection Council, London, and others in the variouseditions of The Merck Index, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., USA or inpatent literature. Therefore, the following listing is restricted to afew places where they may be found by way of example.

-   (I) 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-O-methylcarbamoyloxime    (Aldicarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 26;-   (II)    S-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo[d]-[1,2,3]-triazin-3-ylmethyl)O,O-dimethyl-phosphoro-dithioate    (Azinphos-methyl), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 67;-   (III)    Ethyl-N-[2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yloxycarbonyl-(methyl)aminothio]-N-isopropyl-β-alaninate    (Benfuracarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 96;-   (IV)    2-Methylbiphenyl-3-ylmethyl-(Z)-(1RS)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    (Bifenthrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 118;-   (V) 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenyl-1,3,5-thiadiazian-4-one    (Buprofezin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 157;-   (VI) 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl-methylcarbamate    (Carbofuran), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 186;-   (VII)    2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl-(dibutylaminothio)methylcarbamate    (Carbosulfan), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 188;-   (VIII) S,S′-(2-dimethylaminotrimethylene)-bis(thiocarbamate)    (Cartap), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British    Crop Protection Council, London, page 193;-   (IX)    1-[3,5-Dichloro-4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzoyl)-urea    (Chlorfluazuron), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 213;-   (X) O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl-phosphorothioate    (Chlorpyrifos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 235;-   (XI)    (RS)-α-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-di-methylcyclopropanecarboxylate    (Cyfluthrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 293;-   (XII) Mixture of    (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(2)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    and    (R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(Z)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    (Lambda-Cyhalothrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 300;-   (XIII) Racemate consisting of    (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(2)-(1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    and    (R)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1S,3S)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    (Alpha-cypermethrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 308;-   (XIV) a mixture of the stereoisomers of (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl    (1RS,3RS,-1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    (zeta-Cypermethrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 314;-   (XV)    (S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate    (Deltamethrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 344;-   (XVI) (4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea (Diflubenzuron),    from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop    Protection Council, London, page 395;-   (XVII)    (1,4,5,6,7,7-Hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenebismethylene)-sulphite    (Endosulfan), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 459;-   (XVIII) α-ethylthio-o-tolyl-methylcarbamate (Ethiofencarb), from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 479;-   (XIX) O,O-dimethyl-O-4-nitro-m-tolyl-phosphorothioate    (Fenitrothion), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 514;-   (XX) 2-sec-butylphenyl-methylcarbamate (Fenobucarb), from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 516;-   (XXI)    (RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate    (Fenvalerate), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 539;-   (XXII)    S-[formyl(methyl)carbamoylmethyl]-O,O-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate    (Formothion), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 625;-   (XXIII) 4-Methylthio-3,5-xylyl-methylcarbamate (Methiocarb), from    The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 813;-   (XXIV) 7-Chlorobicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-2,6-dien-6-yl-dimethylphosphate    (Heptenophos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 670;-   (XXV) 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidenamine    (Imidacloprid), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 706;-   (XXVI) 2-isopropylphenyl-methylcarbamate (Isoprocarb), from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 729;-   (XXVII) O,S-dimethyl-phosphoramidothioate (Methamidophos), from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 808;-   (XXVIII) S-Methyl-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate (Methomyl),    from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop    Protection Council, London, page 815;-   (XXIX) Methyl-3-(dimethoxyphosphinoyloxy)but-2-enoate (Mevinphos),    from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop    Protection Council, London, page 844;-   (XXX) O,O-diethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl-phosphorothioate (Parathion), from    The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 926;-   (XXXI) O,O-dimethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl-phosphorothioate    (Parathion-methyl), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 928;-   (XXXII)    S-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-ylmethyl-O,O-diethyl-phosphor-dithioate    (Phosalone), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 963;-   (XXXIII)    2-Dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl-dimethylcarbamate    (Pirimicarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 985;-   (XXXIV) 2-isopropoxyphenyl-methylcarbamate (Propoxur), from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 1036;-   (XXXV)    1-(3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea    (Teflubenzuron), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1158;-   (XXXVI) S-tert-butylthiomethyl-O,O-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate    (Terbufos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1165;-   (XXXVII)    ethyl-(3-tert.-butyl-1-dimethylcarbamoyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl-thio)-acetate,    (Triazamate), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1224;-   (XXXVIII) Abamectin, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 3;-   (XXXIX) 2-sec-butylphenyl-methylcarbamate (Fenobucarb), from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 516;-   (XL) N-tert.-butyl-N-(4-ethylbenzoyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzohydrazide    (Tebufenozide), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1147;-   (XLI)    (±)-5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-sulphinylpyrazol-3-carbonitrile    (Fipronil), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 545;-   (XLII)    (RS)-α-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichloro-vinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate    (beta-Cyfluthrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 295;-   (XLIII)    (4-ethoxyphenyl)-[3-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)propyl](dimethyl)silane    (Silafluofen), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1105;-   (XLIV) tert.-butyl    (E)-α-(1,3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-yl-methylenamino-oxy)-p-toluate    (Fenpyroximate), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 530;-   (XLV)    2-tert.-butyl-5-(4-tert.-butylbenzylthio)-4-chloropyridazin-3(2H)-one    (Pyridaben), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1161;-   (XLVI) 4-[[4-(1,1-dimethylphenyl)phenyl]ethoxy]-quinazoline    (Fenazaquin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 507;-   (XLVII) 4-phenoxyphenyl-(RS)-2-(pyridyloxy)propyl-ether    (Pyriproxyfen), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1073;-   (XLVIII)    5-chloro-N-{2-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2,3-dimethylphenoxy]ethyl}-6-ethylpyrimidine-4-amine    (Pyrimidifen), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1070;-   (XLIX)    (E)-N-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N′-methyl-2-nitrovinylidenediamine    (Nitenpyram), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 880;-   (L) (E)-N¹-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N²-cyano-N¹-methyl    acetamidine (NI-25, Acetamiprid), from The Pesticide Manual,    11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page    9;-   (LI) Avermectin B₁, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 3;-   (LII) an insect-active extract from a plant, especially    (2R,6aS,12aS)-1,2,6,6a,12,12a-hexhydro-2-isopropenyl-8,9-dimethoxy-chromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6-one    (Rotenone), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1097; and an extract    from Azadirachta indica, especially azadirachtin, from The Pesticide    Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council,    London, page 59; and-   (LIII) a preparation which contains insect-active nematodes,    preferably Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Heterorhabditis    megidis, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British    Crop Protection Council, London, page 671; Steinernema feltiae, from    The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 1115 and Steinernema scapterisci, from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 1116;-   (LIV) a preparation obtainable from Bacillus subtills, from The    Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection    Council, London, page 72; or from a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis    with the exception of compounds isolated from GC91 or from    NCTC11821; The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop    Protection Council, London, page 73;-   (LV) a preparation which contains insect-active fungi, preferably    Verticillium lecanii, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997),    The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1266; Beauveria    brogniartii, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The    British Crop Protection Council, London, page 85 and Beauveria    bassiana, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British    Crop Protection Council, London, page 83;-   (LVI) a preparation which contains insect-active viruses, preferably    Neodipridon Sertifer NPV, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed.    (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1342;    Mamestra brassicae NPV, from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed.    (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 759 and    Cydia pomonella granulosis virus, from The Pesticide Manual,    11^(th)Ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page    291;-   (CLXXXI)    7-chloro-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-carbamoyl]indol[1,2e]oxazoline-4a-carboxylate    (DPX-MP062, Indoxycarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed.    (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 453;-   (CLXXXII)    N′-tert.-butyl-N′-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-3-methoxy-2-methylbenzohydrazide    (RH-2485, Methoxyfenozide), from The Pesticide Manual, 11^(th)Ed.    (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1094; and-   (CLXXXIII) (N′-[4-methoxy-biphenyl-3-yl]-hydrazinecarboxylic acid    isopropylester (D 2341), from Brighton Crop Protection Conference,    1996, 487-493;-   (R2) Book of Abstracts, 212th ACS National Meeting Orlando, Fla.,    August 25-29 (1996), AGRO-020. Publisher: American Chemical Society,    Washington, D.C. CONEN: 63BFAF.

As a consequence of the above details, a further essential aspect of thepresent invention relates to combination preparations for the control ofparasites on warm-blooded animals, characterised in that they contain,in addition to a compound of formula I, at least one further activeingredient having the same or different sphere of activity and at leastone physiologically acceptable carrier. The present invention is notrestricted to two-fold combinations.

Especially preferred combination partners for the compounds of theformula I of the present inventions are the more modern natural orchemically modified macrocyclic lactones (macrolides), such asavermectins, milbemycins and derivatives thereof, including prominentrepresentatives such as Ivermectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin, Selamectin,Emamectin, Eprinomectin, Milbemectin, Abamectin, Milbemycin oxime,Nemadectin, and a derivative thereof, in the free form or in the form ofa physiologically acceptable salt.

The combination of these two different classes of compounds leads toseveral advantageous effects. In the first instant, one observes abroadening of the activity spectrum with regard to the endo-parasites.The combination product is highly active against all sorts ofcommercially important worms and, what is really surprising, alsoagainst metabolic active larval stages. Investigations concerningarrested larval stages are still ongoing but it could well turn out thatthe combination product will also be effective against these stages.

A further advantage of the combination product is the pest resistancemanagement, meaning that the occurrence of resistance against thecompounds of the formula I can drastically be delayed by theadministration of the combination product instead of applying thecompounds of formula I only. Another advantage is that the combinationproduct can successfully be used even in those cases where the wormpopulation has already developed resistance against a macrocycliclactones.

Beyond this, a major advantage of the compounds of the formula I istheir exhibiting full efficacy against worms resistant to commonly usedproducts such as representatives of the macrocyclic lactones, e.g.Ivermectin or Moxidectin, and to Levamisole or representatives of thebenzimidazole class of anthelmintics.

The macrocyclic lactones are most preferred because they exhibit a broadspectrum of activity. Most of them exhibit ecto- and in parallelendo-parsiticidal activity. Therefore, they are also calledendectocides. Macrocyclic lactones bind to glutamated chlorine channelscausing paralysis of the parasites in the first instance, followed bytheir death.

In the context of the invention, a preferred group of macrocycliclactones is represented by compounds of formula

wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; —C(O)—; or —C(═N—OH)—; Y is —C(H₂)—; ═C(H)—;—C(H)(OH)—; or —C(═N—OCH₃)—; R₁ is hydrogen or one of radicals

R₄ is hydroxyl, —NH—CH₃ or —NH—OCH₃; R₂ is hydrogen, —CH₃, —C₂H₅,—CH(CH₃)—CH₃, —CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅, —C(CH₃)═CH—CH(CH₃)₂ or cyclohexyl; and ifthe bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a double bond the carbonatom in 23-position is unsubstituted so that Y is ═C(H)—, or if is thebond between atoms 22 and 23 is a single bond the carbon atom in23-position is unsubstituted or substituted by hydroxy or by the group═N—O—CH₃ so that Y is —C(H₂)—; —C(H)(OH)—; or —C(═N—OCH₃)—; in free formor in the form of a physiologically acceptable salt.

Typical and especially preferred representatives of compounds of formulaA are:

1) Ivermectin is 22,23-Dihydroabamectin; 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1; or22,23-dihydro-C-076B1, wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is —C(H₂)—; R₁ is theradical

R₂ is either —CH(CH₃)—CH₃ or —CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅ and the bond between atoms 22and 23 represents a single bond. Ivermectin is known from U.S. Pat. No.4,199,569.2) Doramectin is25-Cyclohexyl-5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)avermectin Ala, whereinX is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is ═C(H)—; R₁ is the radical

R₂ is cyclohexyl and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents adouble bond. Doramectin is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,480.3) Moxidectin, is [6R,23E, 25S(E)]-5-O-Demethyl-28-deoxy-25-(1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl)-6,28-epoxy-23-(methoxyimino)milbemycinB, wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is —C(═N—OCH₃)—; R₁ is hydrogen; R₂ is—C(CH₃)═CH—CH(CH₃)₂; and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents asingle bond. Moxidectin is known from EP-0,237,339 and U.S. Pat. No.4,916,154.4) Selamectin is25-cyclohexyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-5-deoxy-22,23-dihydro-5-(hydroxyimino)avermectinB1 monosaccharide and thus a compound of formula A, wherein X is—C(═N—OH)—; Y is —C(H₂)—; R₁ is the radical

R₂ is cyclohexyl; and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents asingle bond. Selamectin is known e.g. from: ECTOPARASITE ACTIVITY OFSELAMECTIN; A novel endectocide for dogs and cats. A Pfizer Symposium,held in conjunction with The 17th international Conference of the WorldAssociation for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, 19 Aug.1999. Copenhagen, Denmark.5) Emamectin is (4″-R)-5-O-demethyl-4″-deoxy-4″-(methylamino)avermectinA1a and(4″-R)-5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-4″-deoxy-4″-(methylamino)-25-(1-methylethyl)avermectinAla (9:1), wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is ═C(H)—; R₁ is

R₂ is —CH(CH₃)—CH₃, or —CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅, and the bond between atoms 22 and23 represents a double bond. Emamectin is known from U.S. Pat. No.4,874,749.6) Eprinomectin is (4″-R)-4″-epi-(acetylamino)-4″-deoxyavermectin B1,wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is ═C(H)—; R₁ is the radical

R₂ is —CH(CH₃)—CH₃, or —CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅, and the bond between atoms 22 and23 represents a double bond. Eprinomectin is known from U.S. Pat. No.4,427,663.7) Milbemectin is(6R,25R)-5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-6,28-epoxy-25-methylmilbemycin, wherein Xis —C(H)(OH)—; Y is —C(H₂)—; R₁ is hydrogen; R₂ is —CH₃, or —C₂H₅; andthe bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents a single bond. Milbemectinis known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,360.8) Abamectin is Avermectin B1 which is also named 5-O-demethylayermectinA1a and 5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-25-(1-methylethyl)avermectinA1a (4:1), wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is ═C(H)—; R₁ is the radical

R₂ is —CH(CH₃)—CH₃, or —CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅; and the bond between atoms 22 and23 represents a double bond. Abamectin is known from U.S. Pat. No.4,310,519.9) Milbemycin oxim is milbemycin A4 5-oxime; milbemycin A3 5-oxime,wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is —C(H₂)—; R₁ is hydrogen; R₂ is—CH(CH₃)—CH₃, or —CH(CH₃)—C₂H₅, and the bond between atoms 22 and 23represents a single bond. Milbemycin oxim is known from U.S. Pat. No.4,547,520.10) The compound of the formula A wherein X is —C(H)(OH)—; Y is —C(H₂)—;R₁ is the radical

R₂ is —CH₃ or C₂H₅, and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents asingle bond. This compound is known from WO 01/83500.11) Nemadectin is antibiotic S-541A; also named [6 R,23S, 25S,(E)]-5-O-Demethyl-28-deoxy-25-(1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl)-6,28-epoxy-23-hydroxymilbemycinB; wherein X is ═CH—OH; Y is —C(H₂)—; R₁ is hydrogen; R₂ is—C(CH₃)═CH—CH(CH₃)₂, and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents asingle bond. Nemadectin is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,901.

The compounds specifically mentioned under items 1-11 hereinbefore arepreferred embodiments of the present invention and can be used eitheralone or in combination with another endo-parasiticide,ecto-parasiticide or endecticide.

Especially preferred combination partners are Ivermectin, Abamectin andMoxidectin.

As a rule, the anthelminthic compositions according to the inventioncontain 0.1 to 99% by weight, especially 0.1 to 95% by weight of activeingredient of formula I, Ia or mixtures thereof, 99.9 to 1% by weight,especially 99.8 to 5% by weight of a solid or liquid admixture,including 0 to 25% by weight, especially 0.1 to 25% by weight of asurfactant.

Application of the compositions according to the invention to theanimals to be treated may take place topically, perorally, parenterallyor subcutaneously, the composition being present in the form ofsolutions, emulsions, suspensions, (drenches), powders, tablets, boli,capsules and pour-on formulations.

The pour-on or spot-on method consists in applying the compound offormula I to a specific location of the skin or coat, advantageously tothe neck or backbone of the animal. This takes place e.g. by applying aswab or spray of the pour-on or spot-on formulation to a relativelysmall area of the coat, from where the active substance is dispersedalmost automatically over wide areas of the fur owing to the spreadingnature of the components in the formulation and assisted by the animal'smovements.

Pour-on or spot-on formulations suitably contain carriers, which promoterapid dispersement over the skin surface or in the coat of the hostanimal, and are generally regarded as spreading oils. Suitable carriersare e.g. oily solutions; alcoholic and isopropanolic solutions such assolutions of 2-octyidodecanol or oleyl alcohol; solutions in esters ofmonocarboxylic acids, such as isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate,lauric acid oxalate, oleic acid oleyl ester, oleic acid decyl ester,hexyl laurate, oleyl oleate, decyl oleate, capric acid esters ofsaturated fat alcohols of chain length C₁₂-C₁₈; solutions of esters ofdicarboxylic acids, such as dibutyl phthalate, diisopropyl isophthalate,adipic acid diisopropyl ester, di-n-butyl adipate or also solutions ofesters of aliphatic acids, e.g. glycols. It may be advantageous for adispersing agent to be additionally present, such as one known from thepharmaceutical or cosmetic industry. Examples are 2-pyrrolidone,2-(N-alkyl)pyrrolidone, acetone, polyethylene glycol and the ethers andesters thereof, propylene glycol or synthetic triglycerides.

The oily solutions include e.g. vegetable oils such as olive oil,groundnut oil, sesame oil, pine oil, linseed oil or castor oil. Thevegetable oils may also be present in epoxidised form. Paraffins andsilicone oils may also be used.

A pour-on or spot-on formulation generally contains 1 to 20% by weightof a compound of formula I, 0.1 to 50% by weight of dispersing agent and45 to 98.9% by weight of solvent.

The pour-on or spot-on method is especially advantageous for use on herdanimals such as cattle, horses, sheep or pigs, in which it is difficultor time-consuming to treat all the animals orally or by injection.Because of its simplicity, this method can of course also be used forall other animals, including individual domestic animals or pets, and isgreatly favoured by the keepers of the animals, as it can often becarried out without the specialist presence of the veterinarian.

Whereas it is preferred to formulate commercial products asconcentrates, the end user will normally use dilute formulations.

Such compositions may also contain further additives, such asstabilisers, anti-foaming agents, viscosity regulators, binding agentsor tackifiers, as well as other active ingredients, in order to achievespecial effects.

Anthelminthic compositions of this type, which are used by the end user,similarly form a constituent of the present invention.

In each of the processes according to the invention for pest control orin each of the pest control compositions according to the invention, theactive ingredients of formula I can be used in all of their stericconfigurations or in mixtures thereof.

The invention also includes a method of prophylactically protectingwarm-blooded animals, especially productive livestock, domestic animalsand pets, against parasitic helminths, which is characterised in thatthe active ingredients of the formula or the active ingredientformulations prepared therefrom are administered to the animals as anadditive to the feed, or to the drinks or also in solid or liquid form,orally or by injection or parenterally. The invention also includes thecompounds of formula I according to the invention for usage in one ofthe said processes.

The following examples serve merely to illustrate the invention withoutrestricting it, the term active ingredient representing a substancelisted in table 1.

In particular, preferred formulations are made up as follows:

(%=percent by weight)

FORMULATION EXAMPLES

1. Granulate a) b) active ingredient 5% 10% kaolin 94%  — highlydispersed silicic acid 1% — attapulgite — 90%

The active ingredient is dissolved in methylene chloride, sprayed ontothe carrier and the solvent subsequently concentrated by evaporationunder vacuum. Granulates of this kind can be mixed with the animal feed.

2. Granulate active ingredient 3% polyethylene glycol (mw 200) 3% kaolin94% (mw = molecular weight)

The finely ground active ingredient is evenly applied in a mixer to thekaolin which has been moistened with polyethylene glycol. In this way,dust-free coated granules are obtained.

3. Tablets or boli I active ingredient 33.00% methylcellulose 0.80%silicic acid, highly dispersed 0.80% corn starch 8.40% II lactose,cryst. 22.50% corn starch 17.00% microcryst. cellulose 16.50% magnesiumstearate 1.00%

-   -   I Methyl cellulose is stirred into water. After the material has        swollen, silicic acid is stirred in and the mixture        homogeneously suspended. The active ingredient and the corn        starch are mixed. The aqueous suspension is worked into this        mixture and kneaded to a dough. The resulting mass is granulated        through a 12 M sieve and dried.    -   II All 4 excipients are mixed thoroughly.    -   III The preliminary mixes obtained according to I and II are        mixed and pressed into tablets or boli.

4. Injectables A. Oily vehicle (slow release) 1. active ingredient0.1-1.0 g groundnut oil ad 100 ml 2. active ingredient 0.1-1.0 g sesameoil ad 100 ml

Preparation: The active ingredient is dissolved in part of the oilwhilst stirring and, if required, with gentle heating, then aftercooling made up to the desired volume and sterile-filtered through asuitable membrane filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm.

B Water-miscible solvent (average rate of release) active ingredient0.1-1.0 g 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (glycerol formal) 40 g1,2-propanediol ad 100 ml active ingredient 0.1-1.0 g glycerol dimethylketal 40 g 1,2-propanediol ad 100 ml

Preparation: The active ingredient is dissolved in part of the solventwhilst stirring, made up to the desired volume and sterile-filteredthrough a suitable membrane filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm.

C. Aqueous solubilisate (rapid release) 1. active ingredient 0.1-1.0 gpolyethoxylated castor oil (40 ethylene oxide units) 10 g1,2-propanediol 20 g benzyl alcohol 1 g aqua ad inject, ad 100 ml 2.active ingredient 0.1-1.0 g polyethoxylated sorbitan monooleate 8 g (20ethylene oxide units) 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane (glycerol formal) 20g benzyl alcohol 1 g aqua ad inject. ad 100 ml 3. active ingredient 10 gethanol 96% 10 g propylene carbonate 20 g polyethylene glycol (PEG 300)ad 100 g

Preparation: The active ingredient is dissolved in the solvents and thesurfactant, and made up with water to the desired volume. Sterilefiltration through an appropriate membrane filter of 0.22 μm pore size.

5. Pour on A. active ingredient 5 g isopropyl myristate 10 g isopropanolad 100 ml B active ingredient 2 g hexyl laurate 5 g medium-chainedtriglyceride 15 g ethanol ad 100 ml C. active ingredient 2 g oleyloleate 5 g N-methyl-pyrrolidone 40 g isopropanol ad 100 ml

The aqueous systems may also preferably be used for oral and/orintraruminal application.

The compositions may also contain further additives, such asstabilisers, e.g. where appropriate epoxidised vegetable oils(epoxidised coconut oil, rapeseed oil, or soybean oil); antifoams, e.g.silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators, binders, tackifiers,as well as fertilisers or other active ingredients to achieve specialeffects.

Further biologically active substances or additives, which are neutraltowards the compounds of formula I and do not have a harmful effect onthe host animal to be treated, as well as mineral salts or vitamins, mayalso be added to the described compositions.

The following examples serve to illustrate the invention. They do notlimit the invention. The letter ‘h’ stands for hour.

Preparation examples Example 1N-[1-cyano-1-methyl-2-(5-cyano-2-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-ethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide

a) To a mixture of 12.8 g of sodium cyanide, 16.9 g of ammonium chlorideand 450 ml of a 7M solution of ammonia in methanol and additional 225 mlof methanol, stirred at room temperature, 15 g of hydroxyacetone areadded. The reaction mixture is stirred for 24 h, then filtered andevaporated under reduced pressure. The white residue is stirred in 100ml of ethylacetate, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. Finally, theoily residue is washed in 50 ml dichloromethane, yielding2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropionitrile as a solid.b) In 68 ml of ethylacetate 5.9 g of2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropionitrile are dissolved and 68 ml of a 1 Msolution of sodium bicarbonate in water are added. To this mixture, 12 gof 4-trifluoromethylbenzoylchloride are added dropwise at roomtemperature. After stirring for 2 h, 100 ml of water and 100 ml ofethylacetate are added and stirred. The organic phase is then separated,washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered andevaporated to yieldN-[1-cyano-2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide.c) In 5 ml of dried tetrahydrofurane, 651 mgN-[1-cyano-2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl]-4-trifluoromethoxybenzamide and 427mg 3-fluoro-4-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile are dissolved and 63 mg ofsodium hydride are added under stirring at 0°. The reaction mixture isstirred for 20 h at room temperature, then quenched with 5 ml of waterand finally diluted with 15 ml of brine. The crude product is extractedwith 3×10 ml of ethylacetate, the combined organic phases washed withbrine, dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. Theresidue is purified by flash chromatography to yield the title compoundas white crystals of m. p. 75-80.

The substances named in the following table may also be preparedanalogously to the above-described method. The values of the meltingpoints are given in ° C.

TABLE 1

No. X Q phys. data 1.1 Cl 4-CN m.p.: 147-9° 1.2 Br 4-CN 1.3 CF₃ 4-CNm.p.: 184-6° 1.4 Cl 5-CN m.p.: 147-9° 1.5 Br 5-CN 1.6 CF₃ 5-CN m.p.:154°

TABLE 2

No. X Q phys. data 2.1 Cl 4-CN m.p.: 60-2° 2.2 Br 4-CN 2.3 CF₃ 4-CNm.p.: 80-2° 2.4 Cl 5-CN m.p.: 132-4°  2.5 Br 5-CN 2.6 CF₃ 5-CN m.p.:75-8°

TABLE 3

No. X Y Q phys. data 3.1  Cl S 4-CN m.p.: 167-9°  3.2  Cl SO 4-CN 3.3 Cl SO₂ 4-CN 3.4  Br S 4-CN 3.5  Br SO 4-CN 3.6  Br SO₂ 4-CN 3.7  CF₃ S4-CN m.p.: 79-82° 3.8  CF₃ SO 4-CN 3.9  CF₃ SO₂ 4-CN 3.10 Cl S 5-CNm.p.: 125-7°  3.11 Cl SO 5-CN 3.12 Cl SO₂ 5-CN 3.13 Br S 5-CN 3.14 Br SO5-CN 3.15 Br SO₂ 5-CN 3.16 CF₃ S 5-CN m.p.: 69-73° 3.17 CF₃ SO 5-CN 3.18CF₃ SO₂ 5-CN  m.p.: 80-100°

Biological Examples 1. In-Vivo Test on Trichostrongylus colubriformisand Haemonchus contortus on Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones uncuiculatus)Using Peroral Application

Six to eight week old Mongolian gerbils are infected through a stomachtube with ca. 2000 third instar larvae each of T. colubriformis and H.contortus. 6 days after infection, the gerbils are treated by peroralapplication with the test compounds, dissolved in a mixture of 2 partsDMSO and 1 part polyethylene glycol (PEG 400), in quantities of 100, 32and 10-0.1 mg/kg. On day 9 (3 days after treatment), when most of the H.contortus that are still present are late 4th instar larvae and most ofthe T. colubriformis are immature adults, the gerbils are killed inorder to count the worms. The efficacy is calculated as the % reductionof the number of worms in each gerbil, compared with the geometricaverage of number of worms from 6 infected and untreated gerbils.

In this test, a vast reduction in nematode infestation is achieved withcompounds of formula I.

The following tables B1, B2 and B3 show a comparison of a series of thecompounds of tables 1, 2 and 3 with structurally most closely relatedones known from literature, proving the astounding efficacy increase inthis test over the state of the art (Hc: Haemonchus contortus; Tc:Trichostrongylus colubriformis):

TABLE B1 Compounds disclosed in Compounds of table 1 WO 02/49641 A2

No. 1.4 No. 1.72 1 mg/kg; Hc: 82% 10 mg/kg; Hc: 66%

No. 1.6 No. 2.19 1 mg/kg; Hc: 97% 10 mg/kg; Hc: 25% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 87%  10mg/kg; Tc: 0%

No. 1.264 3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 57% 3.2 mg/kg; Tc: 76%

No. 1.1 No. 1.60 1 mg/kg; Hc: 97% 3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 29% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 87%3.2 mg/kg; Tc: 31%

No. 1.12 10 mg/kg; Hc: 82% 10 mg/kg; Tc: 98%

No. 1.3 No. 1.120 1 mg/kg; Hc: 97% 3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 57% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 91%3.2 mg/kg; Tc: 76%

TABLE B2 Compounds disclosed in Compounds of table 2 WO 02/102155 A1

No. 2.4 No. 1.124 1 mg/kg; Hc: 89% 10 mg/kg; Hc: 84% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 79% 10mg/kg; Tc: 99%

No. 2.6 No. 1.64 1 mg/kg; Hc: 95% 1 mg/kg; Hc: 28% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 85% 1mg/kg; Tc: 55%

No. 2.1 No. 1.119 3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 100% 3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 28% 3.2 mg/kg; Tc:100%  3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 0%

TABLE B3 Compound disclosed in Compounds of table 3 WO 02/49641 A2

No. 3.10 No. 2.14 1 mg/kg; Hc: 100% 3.2 mg/kg; Hc: 61% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 100%3.2 mg/kg; Tc: 73%

No. 3.16 1 mg/kg; Hc: 100% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 100%

No. 3.1 1 mg/kg; Hc: 69% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 93%

No. 3.7 1 mg/kg; Hc: 90% 1 mg/kg; Tc; 98%

No. 3.9 1 mg/kg; Hc: 77% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 87%

No. 3.18 1 mg/kg; Hc: 100% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 100%

No. 3.8 1 mg/kg; Hc: 74% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 85%

No. 3.17 1 mg/kg; Hc: 100% 1 mg/kg; Tc: 100%

In order to examine the insecticidal and/or acaricidal activity of thecompounds of formula I on animals and plants, the following test methodsmay be used.

2. Activity on L₁ Larvae of Lucilia sericata

1 ml of an aqueous suspension of the active substance to be tested isadmixed with 3 ml of a special larvae growth medium at ca. 50° C., sothat a homogenate of either 250 or 125 ppm of active ingredient contentis obtained. Ca. 30 Lucilia larvae (L₁) are used in each test tubesample. After 4 days, the mortality rate is determined.

3. Acaricidal Activity on Boophilus microbus (Biarra Strain)

A piece of sticky tape is attached horizontally to a PVC sheet, so that10 fully engorged female ticks of Boophilus microplus (Biarra strain)can be adhered thereto by their backs, side by side, in a row. Using aninjection needle, 1 μl of a liquid is injected into each tick. Theliquid is a 1:1 mixture of polyethylene glycol and acetone and itcontains, dissolved therein, a certain amount of active ingredientchosen from 1, 0.1 or 0.01 μg per tick. Control animals are given aninjection without active ingredient. After treatment, the animals arekept under normal conditions in an insectarium at ca. 28° C. and at 80%relative humidity until oviposition takes place and the larvae havehatched from the eggs of the control animals. The activity of a testedsubstance is determined by IR₉₀, i.e. an evaluation is made of thedosage of active ingredient at which 9 out of 10 female ticks (=90%) layeggs that are infertile even after 30 days.

4. In Vitro Efficacy on Engorged Female Boophilus microplus (BIARRA)

4×10 engorged female ticks of the OP-resistant BIARRA strain are adheredto a sticky strip and covered for 1 hour with a cotton-wool ball soakedin an emulsion or suspension of the test compound in concentrations of500, 125, 31 and 8 ppm respectively. Evaluation takes place 28 dayslater based on mortality, oviposition and hatched larvae.

An indication of the activity of the test compounds is shown by thenumber of females that

-   -   die quickly before laying eggs,    -   survive for some time without laying eggs,    -   lay eggs in which no embryos are formed,    -   lay eggs in which embryos form, from which no larvae hatch, and    -   lay eggs in which embryos form, from which larvae normally hatch        within 26 to 27 days.

5. In Vitro Efficacy on Nymphs of Amblyomma hebraeum

About 5 fasting nymphs are placed in a polystyrene test tube containing2 ml of the test compound in solution, suspension or emulsion.

After immersion for 10 minutes, and shaking for 2×10 seconds on a vortexmixer, the test tubes are blocked up with a tight wad of cotton wool androtated. As soon as all the liquid has been soaked up by the cotton woolball, it is pushed half-way into the test tube which is still beingrotated, so that most of the liquid is squeezed out of the cotton-woolball and flows into a Petri dish below.

The test tubes are then kept at room temperature in a room with daylightuntil evaluated. After 14 days, the test tubes are immersed in a beakerof boiling water. If the ticks begin to move in reaction to the heat,the test substance is inactive at the tested concentration, otherwisethe ticks are regarded as dead and the test substances regarded asactive at the tested concentration. All substances are tested in aconcentration range of 0.1 to 100 ppm.

6. Activity Against Dermanyssus gallinae

2 to 3 ml of a solution containing 10 ppm active ingredient, and ca. 200mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) at different stages of development areadded to a glass container which is open at the top. Then the containeris closed with a wad of cotton wool, shaken for 10 minutes until themites are completely wet, and then inverted briefly so that theremaining test solution can be absorbed by the cotton wool. After 3days, the mortality of the mites is determined by counting the deadindividuals and indicated as a percentage.

7. Activity Against Musca Domestics

A sugar cube is treated with a solution of the test substance in such away that the concentration of test substance in the sugar, after dryingover night, is 250 ppm. The cube treated in this way is placed on analuminium dish with wet cotton wool and 10 adult Musca domestica of anOP-resistant strain, covered with a beaker and incubated at 25° C. Themortality rate is determined after 24 hours.

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A composition for the control of parasites,comprising a compound of formula I

or a salt thereof, wherein X is Cl, Br, or CF₃; Y is a single bond, O,S, S(O), or S(O)₂; and W is O or S; and one or more carrier ordispersant.
 42. The composition according to claim 41, furthercomprising an effective amount of a natural or chemically modifiedmacrocyclic lactone of formula A

wherein X is —CH(OH)—; —C(O)—; or —C(═N—OH)—; Y is —CH₂—; ═CH—;—CH(OH)—; or —C(═N—OCH₃)—; R₁ is hydrogen or one of radicals

wherein R₄ is hydroxyl, —NH—CH₃, or —NHOCH₃; R₂ is hydrogen, —CH₃,—C₂H₅, —CH(CH₃)CH₃, —CH(CH₃)C₂H₅, —CH(CH₃)═CH—CH(CH₃)₂, or cyclohexyl;and the depicted dashed bond between atoms 22 and 23 may be a single ora double bond; where if the depicted dashed bond is a double bond, thenY is ═CH—, and where if the depicted dashed bond is a single bond, thenY is —CH₂—, —CH(OH)—, or —C(═N—O—CH₃)—, or a physiologically acceptablesalt thereof.
 43. The composition according to claim 42, wherein themacrocyclic lactone is a compound of the formula A, wherein X is—CH(OH)—; Y is —CH₂—; R₁ is the radical

R₂ is —CH₃ or —C₂H₅; and the bond between atoms 22 and 23 represents asingle bond.
 44. The composition according to claim 42, wherein themacrocyclic lactone is selected from the group consisting ofavermectins, milbemycins, and derivatives thereof, in free form or inthe form of a physiologically acceptable salt.
 45. The compositionaccording to claim 42, wherein the macrocyclic lactone is selected fromthe group consisting of Ivermectin, Doramectin, Moxidectin, Selamectin,Emamectin, Eprinomectin, Milbemectin, Abamectin, Milbemycin oxime,Nemadectin, and a derivative thereof, in free form or in the form of aphysiologically acceptable salt.